Moats

Attackers were easy to shoot whilst swimming or rowing across the moats filled with water.

Moats reduced the risk of tunnelling under the castle.

Ramparts

Ramparts were steep banks of earth or rubble. Attackers had to climb over them to get closer to the castle.

High walls

The walls of the castles were very high making it hard for attackers to climb over.

Can you see the people in the photograph?
They look so tiny compared to the hugh entrance to Bodiam Castle.

Curtain walls

Tall thick curtain walls surrounded the castle buildings like a strong shield.

There were few doors in the wall thus limiting access to the castle.

Flanking Towers

Towers built as part of the curtain wall. Castles with curtain walls with flanking towers were more difficult to capture. A good early example of a castle with flanking towers is Framlingham in Suffolk. Along the curtain wall, at intervals, are thirteen square or rectangular towers.

Battlements

The top of the castle walls were the battlements, a protective, tooth shaped parapet often with a wall walk behind it for the soldiers to stand on. The defenders could fire missiles through gaps (crenels). The raised sections between, called merlons, helped to shelter the defenders during an enemy attack.

Machicolations

These were stone boxes that projected from the walls of castles and had holes in the floors for dropping stones or boiling oil on attackers. Wooden versions of these were called hoards.

Gateway defences

The entrance to the castle was always its weakest point.

	Drawbridges could be pulled up, preventing access across moats.
Tall gate towers meant that defenders could shoot down in safety at attacks below.

A spiked wooden or metal barrier, called portcullis, helped protect the doors from fire and battering. It was lowered by chains from a chamber above the gateway.

The word portcullis comes from the Old French porte-coleice, meaning sliding door.

Murder Holes

Murder holes were openings in the ceiling just in front of a gate or in the passage beyond. They were so called because it was believed that they were used by defenders in the chamber above to drop hot liquids down on the unfortunate attacker.

Round Towers

It was harder for attackers to make round towers collapse. Unlike square towers they had no corners, which collapsed if holes were dug underneath the foundations.

Arrow and Gun Loops

These provided a safer means of firing arrows on the attackers of the castle. They are found in many different styles on the curtain wall and towers of the castle.